The Lempa River is shared by Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras, making its management a good example of transboundary cooperation. To reach consensus, action was taken to develop a treaty as part of a regional process. However, since the treaty was not accompanied by strategies designed by local actors, it is somewhat weak. Nonetheless, this case illustrates that political willingness is crucial for advancing towards IWRM in transboundary watersheds.
Water security is a key issue for National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) to address in East African countries.
National Adaptation Plan Global Support Programme (NAP-GSP) partner the Global Water Partnership (GWP), in collaboration with United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy Analysis in Africa (CEEPA- University of Pretoria) and other partners, is providing support a number of African countries to integrate the economics of adaptation in the context of water security and climate resilient development.
In Kyrgyzstan, lack of drinking water and access to sanitation is a pressing problem which reinforces social vulnerability and poverty. Financed by the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank, actions have been taken to improve access to drinking water and sanitation by the Ministry of Health. These projects had a high level of community involvement which increased the sense of ownership.
Following a decision to decentralise water and wastewater services, many questions regarding the sustainable financing of water and waste services was raised. Recognising that economic and financial conditions are critical to the effectiveness of various tariff and effluent charge reforms, a financial model (ASTEC) was devised. This case demonstrates the value of using economic instruments to support the implementation of IWRM management objectives.
The Costa Rican government decided to revise its system of water use levy when it became evident that it was disproportionately low. Action was taken by key stakeholders to reconstruct a design of the water use levy to reflect two basic elements of water charge: water use rights and environmental water services. From this experience, the most important lesson is that political will must support legal and technical works when reforming economic instruments.
In Carabobo State, the urban and agricultural expansions are the main causes of watershed problems resulting from degradation of forests, deforestation and inadequate solid waste management. Since 2009, action has been taken to combat these developments through participatory public policies which focus on environmental education and sustainable development. The key to the success of the project has been extensive capacity building in combination with concrete management tools.
The 3rd China-Caribbean Economic and Trade Cooperation Forum was held in Trinidad on September 12th – 13th, 2011.
Google, and other search engines use URLs, allong with the page title and the words you use on a page to determine what the content is about. People use URLs to rememebr where a page was, but they need them simply written, so we make sure that URLs are readable, relevant and if they are too long we can also set up a short-cut.